» Market Makers

Fair Value Sheets: Quote, Trade and Hedge… In Less Than 30 Seconds

Lee Lowell — Tue, 04 Oct 2005 17:58:18 +0000

Fair Value Sheets: Quote, Trade and Hedge… In Less Than 30 Seconds

By Lee Lowell, Advisory Panelist
Tuesday, October 4, 2005: Issue #247

Before becoming an options market-maker on the NYMEX, I never anticipated the initial pain that my legs would feel after having stood in the same spot for five and a half hours a day. That’s what pit traders do. They stand in the pit all day long, giving bids and offers to brokers in hopes of doing a trade with them.

As part of my series of articles on the life of a market maker, this piece will focus on the actual mechanics of what happens when an option order hits the pit, how to read fair value sheets and how the market maker plays a role in the action. Remember, everything that I explain in this article relates to my experiences as it happened on the NYMEX.

The First & Fastest Market Maker To Check The “Sheets”

The opening bell would ring at the NYMEX at 9:45 a.m. EST and close at 3:10 p.m. EST (pre-9/11). Within those five and a half hours, it was every market maker’s job to be the first – and the fastest – to give a specific broker a bid and ask quote that they needed for their customer.

Let’s say, for example, the upstairs Merrill Lynch desk (customer) needed a bid/ask market for the October 2005 Crude Oil $66 call option. The Merrill Lynch broker in the pit would randomly shout out to no one in particular, “How’s the Oct. $66 call?” That’s the market maker’s cue to check the corresponding futures market price and then check their “sheets” to see what a fair bid/ask market would be to yell back to the broker (and yes, everyone really is yelling at each other).

The reason for checking the corresponding crude oil futures market price is that if the market maker actually does an option trade with the option broker, the market maker will then immediately place an offsetting delta-hedge trade in the futures market to eliminate any immediate directional risk. Market makers are not there to pick a direction; they are there to capture a non-directional edge on the trade. I’ll explain that in a bit.

So, before actually giving the option broker his bid/ask market, you would see the 20-some market makers in the pit all waving to their “point man” in the futures pit for a quote on the futures market. The point man would hand-signal back to the options market maker approximately where the futures prices are trading (the options pit and the futures pit are two separate pits that sit side by side). Once the option market maker has a decent idea of the futures price level, he can then give the broker an accurate quote after checking his “sheets.”

How to Read “Fair Value” Sheets… And Keep Brokers On Your Side

The graphic below is a very simplified version of what an option market maker’s “fair value sheets” would look like. The one below contains the “fair value” and “delta” calculations for various futures and option prices for crude oil options as of October 3, 2005, with a fictional expiration date of October 21, 2005.

Here’s how it works: Along the left-hand side are prices for the front-month crude oil futures market in 5-cent increments. In this example, we’re only seeing prices for the futures at $65.45, $65.50, and $65.55. A typical trader’s sheet would contain many dollars worth of prices, so you would literally see market makers coming into the pit with thick booklets of trading sheets, sometimes for more than one commodity. You should see what the floor of the exchange looks like at the end of the day. Actually, you wouldn’t be able to see the floor because every inch ends up covered with obsolete trading sheets.

The “P/C” column indicates whether you are looking at a put or call, and the “VOL” column represents the volatility level you are using to help price the options. The top row of the sheets shows the strike prices that are available to trade in that particular commodity. Here we see strike prices for crude oil options ranging from $62 to $67. The last pieces of the puzzle are the “Fair” and “Delta” Columns. These represent the fair market value for each put or call at the corresponding futures price along the left-hand side, and the delta column lets the trader know how many futures contracts are needed to offset any option trade to balance out the directional risk.

The broker was asking for a market on the $66 calls and we find out that the futures are trading at $65.50 at that moment in time. We check our sheets on the left-hand side for the “calls” at the 65.50 mark with a volatility of 38%, and then we move along the top until we intersect with the 66 strike of the “Fair” column. We see that the fair market value of the $66 calls at a corresponding futures price of $65.50 comes out to be $1.828.

Any attentive market maker in the options pit would now yell back to the broker, “$1.80 bid at $1.85.” This means that the market makers are willing to buy that option at a price of $1.80, or sell it at $1.85. At this point, we don’t know if the broker is a buyer or seller, so we always have to give both sides of the market (we don’t care if we buy it or sell it).

Now, if the broker decides to buy the option from us at our price of $1.85, we have to tell him how many option contracts we want to sell. To make it simple, the delta sheets are based on a trade of 100 contracts. If we are lucky enough to sell 100 contracts to the broker, we look at our sheets again and see that the delta is .46. In order to offset our initial directional risk, we would hand signal back to our point man to buy us 46 futures contracts. Since we are selling call options to the broker, our initial delta is short 46 potential futures contracts, therefore we need to buy 46 futures contracts to keep our delta at zero.

The Paycheck’s in the “Edge”

Delta tells us a few different things:

It tells us how much an option price will move for a corresponding $1 move in the underlying security; and
How many shares or contracts of the underlying security must be bought or sold to offset any directional risk from an options position.

As I mentioned earlier, the option market maker is looking for an edge, not a directional trade. If that $66 call is valued at approximately $1.83, and we get to sell it at $1.85, then that’s what we call getting an edge. Our best-case scenario is that someone wants to sell that option now, and we would be able to buy it back for $1.80. That’s how market makers try to make their money. They continuously try to buy for less than what their sheets are telling them, and to sell it for more than what their sheets are telling them.

Unfortunately, it’s not as easy as that, but that’s the main thrust of the market maker’s job. The whole process of getting the futures quote, checking the sheets, doing the trade, and doing the hedge all happen in a matter of seconds. It sounds like a long process, but it’s not. The faster you are, the more trades you do. Speed is key!

So, do that everyday for five and a half hours without sitting down and/or not taking a break for lunch, and you, too, might be saying, “Man, my legs are tired.”

Good trading,

Lee

Market Maker Survival: The Options Pit "Caste System" Revealed

Lee Lowell — Tue, 20 Sep 2005 18:11:07 +0000

Market Maker Survival: The Options Pit “Caste System” Revealed

By Lee Lowell, Advisory Panelist
Tuesday, September 20, 2005: Issue #243

So you want to know what market maker survival is all about? What it’s like being a market maker? Well, you’ve come to right place… I spent many years as a market maker on the floor of the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX).

And today, I’m going to give you the breakdown of how a market maker thinks, acts and operates when an option order hits the pit. On top of that, I’ll explain the fierce Darwinian struggle that takes place day in, day out at markets like the NYMEX.

This will give you a better understanding of who’s taking the other side of your trade, and why that person isn’t always trying to “take you.” You’ll also see who holds the advantage in getting your options orders filled.

Remember, these facts and stories only apply to my experience during my days on the NYMEX. Let’s get right to it…

How Market Makers Are Like Gladiators

First, we need to understand the makeup of the options pit and how market makers fit into that arena. Believe it or not, there is a sort of hierarchy, or caste system, that prevails in the options and futures pits.

The days of a newbie market maker are not all that much fun. You are essentially the low man on the totem pole in that ring. You need to prove yourself not only to the other market makers, but to the brokers as well.

An options or futures pit on an exchange floor is made up of three or four concentric circles, with a raised rim or step along the outer edge of each circle. Each circle is elevated higher and wider than the next so there are people standing on higher or lower steps in relation to their front-side or backside neighbor.

Just think of a sports stadium without the seats, where everyone has to stand instead of sit.

These steps form the pit hierarchy. The brokers are the ones who get to be on the highest step. This is because they need to be near their phones, which are installed in small wooden booths that align the outer edge of the top step. The brokers are the ones who have all the orders. They get their orders from either retail customers (you and me), or from their in-house traders who take positions for the firm (Goldman Sachs, Merrill Lynch, Citibank, etc.), or from other big institutional firms.

Stay Close to the Brokers

Make no mistake, you want to be in good with the brokers, and you want to be as close to them as physically possible. A market maker is only as good as the amount of orders he/she can get involved with. If you’re a market maker and you don’t make any trades, how are you going to make any money?

To make sure they do, here are two of their missions:

Just try to survive.
Eventually move yourself up in the pit to be as accessible to the brokers as possible.

Sounds easy, but it’s not. You have to contend with other market makers who have been standing in the same spot for years, and they’re certainly not going to let some green rookie take their place.

Why You Want Your Broker to Be Big and Loud

I remember the first two words I heard the very first day I stepped into the pit as a market maker, “fresh meat.” That’s right, market makers and brokers will prey on the new guy as a sort of initiation. It happened to me, and will most likely happen to every other new guy as well.

Most of the new market makers will start on the lowest step, which is the farthest place from the brokers, or they just try to squeeze into a space wherever they can. Being timid or shy at this point is not a good thing. You need to assert yourself as quickly as possible.

I think the exchanges are one of the last places in the work field where being physically big and loud has a huge advantage for you. That is what gets you noticed. That’s why sometimes you’ll see many former ball players getting jobs as brokers or other types of floor traders.

How Market Makers Survive

Nevertheless, all new market makers will be feeding off the scraps of orders that were not taken by all the bigger, faster, louder and more senior traders in the ring. You take what you can get at first and work your way from there. It’s tough being at the bottom, but if you’re good, you can move up quickly.

So there’s the true insider view of the options markets and how the market makers survive. As you can see, they’re just guys trying to make a living. And if you have a good one working for you, he can help you make a good deal of money, as well.

In the next installment of this semi-regular series on market makers, I’ll explain exactly how an option order gets filled from start to finish, and how the market maker fits into that equation.

Until then…

Good trading,

Lee